What the two forms of liberalism, the "classical" and "neo" share, according to Foucault, is a
general idea of "homo economicus," that is, the way in which they place a particular "anthropology" of man as an economic subject at the basis of politics. What changes is the emphasis from an anthropology of exchange to one of competition. The shift from exchange to competition has profound effects: while exchange was considered to be natural, competition is understood by the neo-liberals of the twentieth century to be an artificial relation that must be protected against the tendency for markets to form monopolies and interventions by the state. Competition necessitates a constant intervention on the part of the state, not on the market, but on the conditions of the market. What is more important for us is the way in which this shift in "anthropolo-gy" from "homo economicus" as an exchanging creature to a competitive creature, or rather as a creature whose tendency to compete must be fostered, entails a general shift in the way in which human beings make themselves and are made subjects. First, neoliberalism entails a massive expansion of the field and scope of economics. Foucault cites Gary Becker on this point: "Economics is the science which studies human behavior as relationship between ends and scarce means which have alter-nate uses." Everything for which human beings attempt to realize their ends, from marriage, to crime, to expenditures on children, can be understood "economically" according to a particular calculation of cost for benefit.
general idea of "homo economicus," that is, the way in which they place a particular "anthropology" of man as an economic subject at the basis of politics. What changes is the emphasis from an anthropology of exchange to one of competition. The shift from exchange to competition has profound effects: while exchange was considered to be natural, competition is understood by the neo-liberals of the twentieth century to be an artificial relation that must be protected against the tendency for markets to form monopolies and interventions by the state. Competition necessitates a constant intervention on the part of the state, not on the market, but on the conditions of the market. What is more important for us is the way in which this shift in "anthropolo-gy" from "homo economicus" as an exchanging creature to a competitive creature, or rather as a creature whose tendency to compete must be fostered, entails a general shift in the way in which human beings make themselves and are made subjects. First, neoliberalism entails a massive expansion of the field and scope of economics. Foucault cites Gary Becker on this point: "Economics is the science which studies human behavior as relationship between ends and scarce means which have alter-nate uses." Everything for which human beings attempt to realize their ends, from marriage, to crime, to expenditures on children, can be understood "economically" according to a particular calculation of cost for benefit.
Sem comentários:
Enviar um comentário